1. Human Factors of Water Leakage Problem

• Design Errors.
• Fabrication Errors.
• Erection Errors.

2. Conventional Systems: If the water leakage problem is caused by fabrication or erection errors, it is most likely to be discovered during the erection period or right after the completion of the curtain wall project. All conventional curtain wall systems require critical seals at some locations. If the critical seals are executed perfectly, it will not leak initially. However, the initially perfect critical seals would inevitably become imperfect over time leading to water leakage due to sealant line stress fatigue and aging effect on the sealant material. The fact that the design requires perfect critical seals which are impossible to maintain over time can be considered as a Design Error. In this sense, water leakage due to Design Error would eventually happen in the unknown future.

3. TingWall System: Similar to the conventional curtain wall system, if the water leakage problem is caused by fabrication or erection errors, it is most likely to be discovered during the erection period or right after the completion of a TingWall project. However, TingWall eliminates the requirement of critical seals, after the correction of fabrication or erection errors, long term water-tightness performance is assured.